New Jersey Bill Would Restrict Government Use of Facial Recognition Technology

TRENTON, N.J. (Jan. 21, 2020) – A bill introduced in the New Jersey Senate would put restrictions on government use of facial and other biometric recognition technology. The proposed law would not only help protect privacy in New Jersey, but it would also hinder one aspect of the federal surveillance state.

Sen. Nia Gill (D-Montclair) introduced Senate Bill 116 (S116) on Jan. 14. The language was carried over from a bill Gill introduced last fall. Under the proposed law, New Jersey government agencies, including law enforcement, would be barred from acquiring, possessing, accessing, or using any biometric surveillance system, along with any information derived from a biometric surveillance system operated by another entity, unless specific conditions are met. Biometric surveillance includes facial recognition and any technology that assists in identifying a person based on the characteristics of their gait, voice, or other immutable characteristics.

The condition that government agencies would have to meet before acquiring biometric surveillance systems under the proposed law would include specifically identifying those entities permitted to use the biometric surveillance system and for what purpose; promulgating standards for the use and management of the information, including data retention, sharing, access, and audit trails; developing auditing practices to ensure the accuracy of biometric surveillance system technologies, standards for minimum accuracy rates, and accuracy rates by gender, skin color, and age; instituting rigorous protections for due process, privacy, free speech and association, and racial, gender, and religious equity; and establishing mechanisms to ensure compliance. Other agencies giving biometric data to New Jersey government agencies would also have to meet these criteria.

Any biometric information obtained in violation of the law would not be admissible in any criminal, civil, administrative or other proceedings.

While S116 would not end the use of facial recognition technology in New Jersey, it would create a layer of oversight and transparency and would be an improvement over the status quo, which is unlimited use of biometric surveillance with no restrictions.

This legislation is part of a broader nationwide movement to limit this invasive surveillance technology at the local and state level. San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley, California have all prohibited government use of facial recognition technology, along with  Somerville, Northhampton, Cambridge and Brookline, Massachusetts.  Portland, Oregon is considering a similar ban. The California governor recently signed a bill that imposes a 3-year ban on the use of the tech in conjunction with police body-worn cameras, leading to the shutdown of one of the biggest facial recognition programs in the country. The New York Assembly is considering a bill to ban facial recognition in schools and on police body cameras.

IMPACT ON FEDERAL PROGRAMS

A recent report revealed that the federal government has turned state drivers’ license photos into a giant facial recognition database, putting virtually every driver in America in a perpetual electronic police lineup. The revelations generated widespread outrage, but this story isn’t new. The federal government has been developing a massive, nationwide facial recognition system for years.

The FBI rolled out a nationwide facial-recognition program in the fall of 2014, with the goal of building a giant biometric database with pictures provided by the states and corporate friends.

In 2016, the Center on Privacy and Technology at Georgetown Law released “The Perpetual Lineup,” a massive report on law enforcement use of facial recognition technology in the U.S. You can read the complete report at perpetuallineup.org. The organization conducted a year-long investigation and collected more than 15,000 pages of documents through more than 100 public records requests. The report paints a disturbing picture of intense cooperation between the federal government, and state and local law enforcement to develop a massive facial recognition database.

“Face recognition is a powerful technology that requires strict oversight. But those controls, by and large, don’t exist today,” report co-author Clare Garvie said. “With only a few exceptions, there are no laws governing police use of the technology, no standards ensuring its accuracy, and no systems checking for bias. It’s a wild west.”

There are many technical and legal problems with facial recognition, including significant concerns about the accuracy of the technology, particularly when reading the facial features of minority populations. During a test run by the ACLU of Northern California, facial recognition misidentified 26 members of the California legislature as people in a database of arrest photos.

With facial recognition technology, police and other government officials have the capability to track individuals in real-time. These systems allow law enforcement agents to use video cameras and continually scan everybody who walks by. According to the report, several major police departments have expressed an interest in this type of real-time tracking. Documents revealed agencies in at least five major cities, including Los Angeles, either claimed to run real-time face recognition off of street cameras, bought technology with the capability, or expressed written interest in buying it.

In all likelihood, the federal government heavily involves itself in helping state and local agencies obtain this technology. The feds provide grant money to local law enforcement agencies for a vast array of surveillance gear, including ALPRs, stingray devices and drones. The federal government essentially encourages and funds a giant nationwide surveillance net and then taps into the information via fusion centers and the Information Sharing Environment (ISE).

Fusion centers were sold as a tool to combat terrorism, but that is not how they are being used. The ACLU pointed to a bipartisan congressional report to demonstrate the true nature of government fusion centers: “They haven’t contributed anything meaningful to counterterrorism efforts. Instead, they have largely served as police surveillance and information sharing nodes for law enforcement efforts targeting the frequent subjects of police attention: Black and brown people, immigrants, dissidents, and the poor.”

Fusion centers operate within the broader ISE. According to its website, the ISE “provides analysts, operators, and investigators with information needed to enhance national security. These analysts, operators, and investigators…have mission needs to collaborate and share information with each other and with private sector partners and our foreign allies.” In other words, ISE serves as a conduit for the sharing of information gathered without a warrant. Known ISE partners include the Office of Director of National Intelligence which oversees 17 federal agencies and organizations, including the NSA. ISE utilizes these partnerships to collect and share data on the millions of unwitting people they track.

Reports that the Berkeley Police Department in cooperation with a federal fusion center deployed cameras equipped to surveil a “free speech” rally and Antifa counterprotests provided the first solid link between the federal government and local authorities in facial recognition surveillance.

In a nutshell, without state and local cooperation, the feds have a much more difficult time gathering information. Passage of state laws and local ordinances banning facial recognition eliminates one avenue for gathering facial recognition data. Simply put, data that doesn’t exist cannot be entered into federal databases.

WHAT’S NEXT

S4216 was referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee where it must pass by a majority vote before moving forward in the legislative process.